These setting here are an advice to think about when setting up a new linux- machine (here on an opensuse distrubution, which i really like).
By default openSuSE will set some conservative mountoptions, that are save, but not best choice for homeoffice use and maybe could also improve company servers. Here are some proposals to think about.
Basically i would recommend to use UEFI only in Bios and GPT- Partitiontable on at least two Harddrives. The Linux- Root- System AND the EFI- Partitions should be mirrored (raid1) for failsafe and mak it possible to have the system booting from ONE disk (which is not possible with raid5).
The Data (like Home and program data) can have raid5 with 3 or more disks.
Always use LVM, as this has many benefits. On OpenSuSE btrfs is the best Filesystem if you disable Quotas on datapartitions.
My small Homeoffice-Server described here, will have 5 Disks:
My Setup will look like this:
The SSDs will bothe have the same Layout:
The HDDs will have:
Nowadays, UEFI is always the best choice to boot. UEFI- Boot is quite straight forward: You first take some device, make it gpt- partitioned, create a partition (i would at least take 500 MB today, better 1GB in size), format that partition with FAT32 and mark the partition as efi-boot via the partition flag. Thats usually all for a small office system. After some OS installed to that partition in a UEFI- way, the bios can load those files and start the OS.
But: Unfortunatelly, the designers of UEFI forgot, that if your not using hardware- raid (which i don't recommend, as your losing the ability to switch harddisks between your hardware), there is no standard way to raid the partition as FAT32 is not suitable for that while it would overwrite the parts in the partition, that are needed by MD Raid1 to store its metadata.
Fortunatelly the designers of OSS software- raid were smarter: They found a way to work around that: They made a special Version of MD Metadata called V1.0 which will store its Metadata at the end of the partition - so it will not interfere with FAT32. For FAT32 it can work as usual and for MD-Tools it will be able to detect the devices as Raid1.
But still - LVM will not work in this case. MD Partitions and Raid1 need to be outside of the LVM-Partition.
So I would suggest to use two disks both partioned with GPT and same sized efi-partitions (as said, at least 500 Megabytes in Size to store Bios or UCODE updates for Firmware Updater) and before creating the FAT32 filesystem do software raid on it. E.g.:
~ # mdadm --create --verbose /dev/md/efiboot --level=1 --raid-devices=2 --metadata=1.0 --name=efiboot --homehost=system /dev/sda1 /dev/sdb1
The important part is metadata=1.0 - this format has especially designed to fit the needs of raid1 of fat/efi- systems.
You than install your Linux Bootmanager / EFIBOOT to that md- Device. If its not found in the beginning of the installation, scan for raid- devices or just create it while installing with the line above.
If some Raid- Disc becomes faulty, it will show up like this (its for raid5, but raid1 will look alkie):
obel1x:~ # mdadm -D /dev/md126
/dev/md126:
Version : 1.0
Creation Time : Fri Apr 10 11:44:19 2020
Raid Level : raid5
Array Size : 1460286976 (1392.64 GiB 1495.33 GB)
Used Dev Size : 730143488 (696.32 GiB 747.67 GB)
Raid Devices : 3
Total Devices : 2
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Intent Bitmap : Internal
Update Time : Sat Oct 26 14:26:37 2024
State : clean, degraded
Active Devices : 2
Working Devices : 2
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 0
Layout : left-symmetric
Chunk Size : 128K
Consistency Policy : bitmap
Name : any:slowstorage
UUID : 6542dc7c:a8f93b36:15f90ca1:54d03417
Events : 285411
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 8 5 0 active sync /dev/sda5
1 8 21 1 active sync /dev/sdb5
- 0 0 2 removed
Maybe instead of removed you can see some entry like faulty instead of removed - this is, when the array had just failed.
To add a new device, you need an empty partiotion with at least the expected size (here 696 GB would be enough):
obel1x:~ # fdisk -l /dev/sdc Disk /dev/sdc: 698.64 GiB, 750156374016 bytes, 1465149168 sectors Disk model: WDC WD7500AAVS-0 Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disklabel type: gpt Disk identifier: 699DC7F4-D344-4447-8C5B-1F98E017A12B Device Start End Sectors Size Type /dev/sdc1 2048 1465149134 1465147087 698.6G Linux RAID
That Partition should have the Type Linx Raid. If you don't have that, create it with partition- tool of kde or what you want.
Now you can simply add the device to the raid and it will begin to work:
obel1x:~ # mdadm /dev/md126 --add /dev/sdc1
mdadm: re-added /dev/sdc1
obel1x:~ # mdadm -D /dev/md126
/dev/md126:
Version : 1.0
Creation Time : Fri Apr 10 11:44:19 2020
Raid Level : raid5
Array Size : 1460286976 (1392.64 GiB 1495.33 GB)
Used Dev Size : 730143488 (696.32 GiB 747.67 GB)
Raid Devices : 3
Total Devices : 3
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Intent Bitmap : Internal
Update Time : Sat Oct 26 14:34:57 2024
State : clean, degraded, recovering
Active Devices : 2
Working Devices : 3
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 1
Layout : left-symmetric
Chunk Size : 128K
Consistency Policy : bitmap
Rebuild Status : 1% complete
Name : any:slowstorage
UUID : 6542dc7c:a8f93b36:15f90ca1:54d03417
Events : 285497
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 8 5 0 active sync /dev/sda5
1 8 21 1 active sync /dev/sdb5
3 8 33 2 spare rebuilding /dev/sdc1
LVM is a powerful partition-management-layer and should always be used, when there is some none low-end hardware present. If you can use the KDE Partitioning- Tool (which means having Plasma=KDE Desktop compatible support), the support is very inuitive and opens a lot of flexibility whne handling partitions, like adding more disk space or moving partitions, but also on console this offers good functionality. OpenSuSE offer to create LVM- Styled system setup in installation optionally (not by default). If you can: use it.
Noadays, MD raid1 or raid5 for system without LVM is outdated. Those things are integrated in LVM - so use it!
For our Setup we want to have the Linux Base System on Raid1, because Raid1 offers the flexibility to only have one phisical device that will work for its own without configuring. If you want to have the system on one disk, this is really nice.
So first, create a partition on both disks which is maximum in Size. Than, create a Volume group containing those partitions and finally, create a raid1 on it (for example):
vgcreate vgsystem /dev/sdX1 /dev/sdY1 lvcreate -m1 --type raid1 -L 100GB -n lvroot vgsystem
where 100%FREE means 100% of Free Space used…
To check if raid1 works, use:
lvs -a -o name,copy_percent,devices vg_xxx
If this has not worked, use:
lvconvert --type raid1 -m1 vg_xxx/lvol1
Or - you can do raid5 with:
lvcreate -n lvdata --type raid5 -l 100%FREE -i 2 vgdata
where i equals the number of devices with Data (not including parity- storage)
The KDE- Partitionmanager is still not perfect. LVM is mor powerful in these things:
Usually Partitions or Devices are only assigned to Volume-Groups (VG) and Logical Volumes (LV) are using them dynamically as needed. This makes it sometimes hard to understand, where the Data really is located right now. Especially when you are having different physical Devices, you may want one LV to use one Device.
For an overview how the Data is split, you can use:
# lvs -P -a -o +devices,segtype LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert Devices Type lvbackup vgdata rwi-aor--- 4.40t 100.00 lvbackup_rimage_0(0),lvbackup_rimage_1(0),lvbackup_rimage_2(0) raid5 [lvbackup_rimage_0] vgdata iwi-aor--- 2.20t /dev/sde1(377061) linear [lvbackup_rimage_1] vgdata iwi-aor--- 2.20t /dev/sda1(377061) linear [lvbackup_rimage_2] vgdata iwi-aor--- 2.20t /dev/sdd1(377061) linear [lvbackup_rmeta_0] vgdata ewi-aor--- 4.00m /dev/sde1(377060) linear [lvbackup_rmeta_1] vgdata ewi-aor--- 4.00m /dev/sda1(377060) linear [lvbackup_rmeta_2] vgdata ewi-aor--- 4.00m /dev/sdd1(377060) linear lvdata vgdata rwi-aor--- 1007.30g 100.00 lvdata_rimage_0(0),lvdata_rimage_1(0),lvdata_rimage_2(0) raid5 [lvdata_rimage_0] vgdata iwi-aor--- 503.65g /dev/sde1(1) linear [lvdata_rimage_1] vgdata iwi-aor--- 503.65g /dev/sda1(1) linear [lvdata_rimage_2] vgdata iwi-aor--- 503.65g /dev/sdd1(1) linear [lvdata_rmeta_0] vgdata ewi-aor--- 4.00m /dev/sde1(0) linear [lvdata_rmeta_1] vgdata ewi-aor--- 4.00m /dev/sda1(0) linear [lvdata_rmeta_2] vgdata ewi-aor--- 4.00m /dev/sdd1(0) linear lvdocker vgdata rwi-aor--- 1.89t 100.00 lvdocker_rimage_0(0),lvdocker_rimage_1(0),lvdocker_rimage_2(0) raid5 [lvdocker_rimage_0] vgdata iwi-aor--- 969.23g /dev/sde1(128936) linear [lvdocker_rimage_1] vgdata iwi-aor--- 969.23g /dev/sda1(128936) linear [lvdocker_rimage_2] vgdata iwi-aor--- 969.23g /dev/sdd1(128936) linear [lvdocker_rmeta_0] vgdata ewi-aor--- 4.00m /dev/sde1(128935) linear [lvdocker_rmeta_1] vgdata ewi-aor--- 4.00m /dev/sda1(128935) linear [lvdocker_rmeta_2] vgdata ewi-aor--- 4.00m /dev/sdd1(128935) linear lvhome vgsystem rwi-aor--- 94.93g 100.00 lvhome_rimage_0(0),lvhome_rimage_1(0) raid1 [lvhome_rimage_0] vgsystem iwi-aor--- 94.93g /dev/sdc2(166910) linear [lvhome_rimage_1] vgsystem iwi-aor--- 94.93g /dev/sdb2(166910) linear [lvhome_rmeta_0] vgsystem ewi-aor--- 4.00m /dev/sdc2(166909) linear [lvhome_rmeta_1] vgsystem ewi-aor--- 4.00m /dev/sdb2(166909) linear lvroot vgsystem rwi-aor--- 97.52g 100.00 lvroot_rimage_0(0),lvroot_rimage_1(0) raid1 [lvroot_rimage_0] vgsystem iwi-aor--- 97.52g /dev/sdc2(1) linear [lvroot_rimage_1] vgsystem iwi-aor--- 97.52g /dev/sdb2(1) linear [lvroot_rmeta_0] vgsystem ewi-aor--- 4.00m /dev/sdc2(0) linear [lvroot_rmeta_1] vgsystem ewi-aor--- 4.00m /dev/sdb2(0) linear
You can also move them to single Devices if needed. Here i wanted my home to also be on the faster Device sda. As sda4 had enough free space, i could do:
# pvmove -n system/home /dev/sdb2 /dev/sda4
can be done by e.g.
lvresize --size 20G /dev/vgfast/lvfast --resizefs
Brtfs is the way to go everywhere where you need big data and flexibility. There are some disadvanteges while it is still in developement and sometimes it is a bit oversized for homeoffice, but no other filesystem is that good in general usage. Only use other Filesystems, if there are reasons for - e.g. when exchanging files with another windows on that pc.
And there is one Reason: Docker - at the current time of writing this (20.04.2024) you should NOT USE BTRFS with Docker. More is explained later.
BTRFs has a lot of Mountoptions and some here are really odd ones for every linux. I would suggest at least those:
For Desktopusage: compress=zstd:3,noatime,nodiratime,autodefrag
While autodefrag should not be necessary on ssd- harddiscs.
For Databases or files that need speed and are well backed up otherwise : nodatacow,nodatasum,noatime,nodiratime
Brief: Quotas should be disabled
BTRFS comes with included support of disk quotas. It is enabled by default if a btrfs-volume is created. Disk quotas are useful to mangage diskspace, as they store informations of directory sizes in the filesystem. There may be programs, that calculate disk usage of directories only that way. One example is snapper: It will automatically delete old snapshots, if the space is running low on a device using snapshots. This is done, by checking the qoutas. Running snapper without qoutas will make this not working anymore. Instead other functions will be used - e.g. the maximum number of old snapshots to keep.
To find out, if quoutas are enabled, do:
btrfs qgroup show /
Quotas are complicated to manage by btrfs. As there are many situations, where the qoutas may get incorrect, they will often be invalidated and will need to be recalculated from scratch. Furthermore checking if they are correct is often needed - e.g. at startup or after some time. This process consumes a lot of cpu and disc utilisation and makes the hardware slow, sometimes rendering a computer useless for some time.
Because of this, the kernel.org- team recommends to turn disk quotas off if not needed.
This can be done by:
btrfs quota disable /
After that, /etc/snapper/configs/root should be checked:
# limit for number cleanup NUMBER_MIN_AGE="1800" NUMBER_LIMIT="10" NUMBER_LIMIT_IMPORTANT="10"
If you have a lot of Ram, you may adjust the swappiness to better fit your needs - or turn off swap completely.
e.g. /etc/sysctl.conf:
vm.swappiness = 60
While linux itself is a very secure system (when set up the right way), the rights given to files by default are not secure at all. Setting good rights is not an intuive process and is mostly not well done. So it needs some attention.
If you are the only user on your pc, or your linux pc is a machine for the net, then you maybe fine. But if your pc is shared between some users e.g. in your family and used by some other persons, then you may wish, that personal informations of the one user is not accessible to the other one.
Even if your pc is not used by others, there maybe other users on your pc by services running in different accounts, so maybe you want Data not to be visible to any user.
Lets start with a simple new file, let's say „~\securedata.txt“ with text „secure data“ in it. Let say we are user named testuser:
New File ~\securedata.txt :
testuser@xubuntu-stick:~$ echo secure data> ~/securedata.txt
Then become someone else, maybe user testuser2 and read that file:
testuser@xubuntu-stick:~$ su -l testuser2 Passwort: testuser2@xubuntu-stick:~$
Now lets see what the other user has written in its secure file:
testuser2@xubuntu-stick:~$ cat ../testuser/securedata.txt cat: ../testuser/securedata.txt: Keine Berechtigung
So everything right? No - not quite. Lets say horst decides to store is secure data in another location and do it again:
testuser@xubuntu-stick:~$ mv securedata.txt /tmp testuser@xubuntu-stick:~$ su -l testuser2 Passwort: testuser2@xubuntu-stick:~$ cat /tmp/securedata.txt secure data
So now the data the one user created is not secure any more. Well ok this sounds fine, because the data was moved to an insecure directory.
But: Can you make sure that everybody knows which directories are secure and which aren't? Can you be really sure, that no personal information saved by any user-context-program is written only to secure directories and not visible to the other? I guess not.
So it may be a better approach to not make the files created by someone readable by other user by default.
There ist a tool for this called umask. This tool defines the permission for new created files.
By default the umask is 0002 or 0022. Those values are substracted from 0777, which would mean full access for everyone. You can check out the docs in the net how they work. I won't explain here, cause there is a big problem with umask: The value can only be changed on process level or user or systemwide. This means you cannot set them per directory - which would be intentional to the user.
So you should maybe think of setting a better umask than 022 - which would make all users of you group have read access to you files to lets say 077. Or - even better don't use the group „users“, but make a group with the same name as the user per User itself. Than you can have umask 007.
On my system the umask can be defined in the file /etc/login.defs .
But to go on directory- permissions: forget about umask.
F… what??? Yes: facl is the tool to do so. with that tool you can very much expand the rights per directory an on every file in detail. It ist also possible to have multiple group- access definitions, which are not possible otherwise.
So lets do some facl- work
testuser@xubuntu-stick:~$ mkdir temp testuser@xubuntu-stick:~$ getfacl temp # file: temp # owner: testuser # group: testuser user::rwx group::rwx other::r-x
As you can see, that directory has been created quite insecure. There is only the above permission preventing everyone to read the informations in it. Creating a new file in it, would make it the same way insecure, as it would have been before.
But now lets set the mode to better fit our needs:
testuser@xubuntu-stick:~$ setfacl -m d:o::--- temp testuser@xubuntu-stick:~$ getfacl temp # file: temp # owner: testuser # group: testuser user::rwx group::rwx other::r-x default:user::rwx default:group::rwx default:other::---
Note, that we only changed the DEFAULT permissions to be more secure (d:).
Now lets again create a file there as we did before just in that - safe - directory. Also we can use getfacl on that file to check if it works:
testuser@xubuntu-stick:~$ echo secure data> ~/temp/securedata.txt testuser@xubuntu-stick:~$ getfacl temp/securedata.txt # file: temp/securedata.txt # owner: testuser # group: testuser user::rw- group::rw- other::---
As you can see, that file is more secure than before. So lets check, what happens now if we move that file as before.
testuser@xubuntu-stick:~$ rm /tmp/securedata.txt testuser@xubuntu-stick:~$ mv temp/securedata.txt /tmp
And check if it is accessible by another one:
testuser@xubuntu-stick:~$ su -l testuser2 Passwort: testuser2@xubuntu-stick:~$ cat /tmp/securedata.txt cat: /tmp/securedata.txt: Keine Berechtigung
You can also check the rights now:
testuser2@xubuntu-stick:~$ getfacl /tmp/securedata.txt getfacl: Entferne führende '/' von absoluten Pfadnamen # file: tmp/securedata.txt # owner: testuser # group: testuser user::rw- group::rw- other::---
Now „Testuser2“ knows, that he has to ask „Testuser“ to tell him the secret he wrote in that file.
That way you can also have one or more default group(s) assigned and to give only those groups access to the file(s), which is very powerful. As for the user perspective i would rate that approach more secure, than the default one.
Its up to you to decide if this is more usable or not.
The full Syntax is:
[d[efault]:] [u[ser]:]uid [:perms]
Permissions of a named user. Permissions of the file owner if uid is empty.
[d[efault]:] g[roup]:gid [:perms]
Permissions of a named group. Permissions of the owning group if gid is empty.
[d[efault]:] m[ask][:] [:perms]
Effective rights mask
[d[efault]:] o[ther][:] [:perms]
Permissions of others.
That means you can only set the defaults per user or per group and only files or directories at once.
FACLs do also have good ways to be used for whole directories, chek out:
setfacl has a recursive option (-R) just like chmod:
-R, –recursive Apply operations to all files and directories recursively. This option cannot be mixed with `–restore'.
…it also allows for the use of the capital-x X permission, which means: execute only if the file is a directory or already has execute permission for some user (X)
so doing the following should work:
Set all Files AND the directories recursively to be readwriteable by user colleague and only give X to all Directories and only those Files, that already have x set:
setfacl -R -m u:colleague:rwX .
For setting the default permissions to be like that:
setfacl -R -m d:u:colleague:rwX .
Some other intersting aspects:
All in all thinking about permissions is a basic one whenever there is personal data that needs to be secured somehow. One cannot rely on the defaults and hope its all fine.
And with FACLs there are powerful tools that should cover everything an administrator needs.